Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity among healthcare professionals as tools for AI-driven interactions. These models can analyze large volumes of clinical data, including patient narratives, to assist in efficient decision-making. In this paper, we aim to evaluate how the use of a syntactic validator combined with an LLM can improve the accuracy of generating FHIR resources from natural language sentences. We compared zero-shot, one-shot, and few-shot prompting methods. The process involves a validator component that iteratively assesses whether the output of the LLM adheres to the syntactic requirements specified by FHIR before returning the final response to the user. One-shot and few-shot prompting methods generated 96% of syntactic validity, while it was 90% for the zero-shot strategy. According to the semantic analysis, one-shot prompting achieved the highest number of correct comparisons between the generated JSON and ground truth resource, with 25.82 comparisons per FHIR resource. This was followed by the few-shot strategy, with 25.50 correct comparisons per FHIR resource, and the zero-shot prompting approach, with 15.21

Background: Data models are crucial for clinical research as they enable researchers to fully use the vast amount of clinical data stored in medical systems. Standardized data and well-defined relationships between data points are necessary to guarantee semantic interoperability. Using the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard for clinical data representation would be a practical methodology to enhance and accelerate interoperability and data availability for research. Objective: This research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art and current landscape in FHIR-based data models and structures. In addition, we intend to identify and discuss the tools, resources, limitations, and other critical aspects mentioned in the selected research papers. Methods: To ensure the extraction of reliable results, we followed the instructions of the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. We analyzed the indexed articles in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, the ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar. After identifying, extracting, and assessing the quality and relevance of the articles, we synthesized the extracted data to identify common patterns, themes, and variations in the use of FHIR-based data models and structures across different studies. Results: On the basis of the reviewed articles, we could identify 2 main themes: dynamic (pipeline-based) and static data models. The articles were also categorized into health care use cases, including chronic diseases, COVID-19 and infectious diseases, cancer research, acute or intensive care, random and general medical notes, and other conditions. Furthermore, we summarized the important or common tools and approaches of the selected papers. These items included FHIR-based tools and frameworks, machine learning approaches, and data storage and security. The most common resource was “Observation” followed by “Condition” and “Patient.” The limitations and challenges of developing data models were categorized based on the issues of data integration, interoperability, standardization, performance, and scalability or generalizability. Conclusions: FHIR serves as a highly promising interoperability standard for developing real-world health care apps. The implementation of FHIR modeling for electronic health record data facilitates the integration, transmission, and analysis of data while also advancing translational research and phenotyping. Generally, FHIR-based exports of local data repositories improve data interoperability for systems and data warehouses across different settings. However, ongoing efforts to address existing limitations and challenges are essential for the successful implementation and integration of FHIR data models.

With the constant evolution of technology and the rise of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Human-Technology Interaction (HTI) is becoming more important in everyday life, covering several routines closely linked to technology. In this survey, we aim to examine the important domain of user privacy in the contexts of HCI and HRI. Additionally, we analyze privacy issues, ranging from data collection to ethical and legal implications. Through a detailed analysis, we also highlight challenges and strategies for designing interactive systems that prioritize end-user privacy. This survey aims to provide a clear and comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities of integrating privacy into interactive systems. Finally, we will present the different strategies and techniques to be used, such as encryption and anonymization, to improve the level of privacy protection.

Educational video games enable participants to actively engage with a specific topic, leading to improved educational processes and learning outcomes. This methodology can also enhance critical thinking while providing an attractive learning environment and discussion platform. This paper introduces Domus, an educational video game inspired by ancient Roman history. The game was developed for museums and designed for multi-touch tables. It uses a Tangible User Interface (TUI) that allows users to move physical game pieces, simulating a real board game. Each participant receives a game piece, with which they have to perform tasks and read information about Roman history related to the task they are performing. Subsequently, we conducted a user study involving 12 participants in game sessions. After the game session, each participant completed a learning outcome questionnaire to assess the learning impact of a single session with Domus. The study found that participants answered 6.41 out of 9 questions on the learning outcomes questionnaire correctly. The average System Usability Scale score was 87.29.

Speech recognition (SR) in healthcare has the potential to improve clinical documentation and communication among healthcare providers. In this respect, there are different ways of voice interaction. The purpose of this study is to compare four different speech recognition input interactions for healthcare form filling, without implying a specific SR algorithm, and thus to measure which interaction is the best in terms of time spent, error rate, and participant preference. We conducted a user study involving 15 participants, divided into three groups according to their computer usage expertise. During the experiment, participants filled out forms using four different SR interactions and traditional typing. The results showed that the interaction in which participants say all the data in a single sentence has the lowest time spent by participants, with an 83% advantage over the traditional keyboard/mouse interaction. Despite this, the System Usability Scale questionnaire revealed that the participants preferred the interaction in which they converse with a vocal assistant. Our results also found that SR interaction reduces the difference in input time between occasional and expert users.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects that the COVID-19 pandemic caused in the human–computer interaction (HCI) research field. Specifically, we aim to investigate how the HCI empirical research methodology changed due to the restrictions caused by COVID-19. For this reason, we analyzed all the papers published in the 2021 edition of The ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2021), which is generally considered the premier international conference for the field of HCI. Through the analysis of CHI papers, we identified four main effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on HCI research: influence on participants; influence on apparatus; influence on experiment procedure; other influences. These effects are described in detail and broken down into additional subcategories. Moreover, papers on pandemic-related topics were also identified. In addition, we performed some comparisons with the previous and successive edition of the conference, and extended some analysis, e.g categorization, to CHI 2022 papers. The analysis found that 23% of CHI 2021 papers and 36% of CHI 2022 papers reported some influences of the pandemic, the most common being a change in the procedures researchers used to interact with participants in their studies, in most cases based on remote communication technologies.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has induced fear and mental health problems in the community and among healthcare workers. Empathy with patients may be difficult in such situations due to urgent conditions. Objectives:We aimed to evaluate medical students’ empathy and fear toward COVID-19 patients during the pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 107 medical students from Shiraz Medical School in 2021. A Persian version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) was used to assess the participants’ empathy toward COVID-19 patients. The internal validity of the Persian version of JSPE was 0.78, and its test-retest reliability after 14 days was 0.92 in a previous study. The participants were requested to fill out a fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) previously developed to assess their fear of affliction with COVID-19. Since the normality of data distribution was not approved, we used nonparametric tests, namely, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The mean empathy score based on the Persian version JSPE was 71.94 ± 12.83 out of 140, which was higher in male students and those who resided in dormitories. The mean fear score was 24.93 ± 6.16 out of 35. Participants living out of dormitories feared COVID-19 to a greater extent. No statistically significant association was found between the age of the participants and these two parameters. The Spearman correlation coefficient test showed that students with a history of COVID-19 had less fear and more empathy because of their experience with COVID-19 (r = -0.249, P-value = 0.02). Conclusions: This study highlights the impact of the pandemic on the interaction between medical students as healthcare professionals and patients by affecting medical students’ fear and empathy. The study indicates ways to improve readiness for future pandemics. Our study showed that living far away from families in dormitories may influence students’ fear and empathy. Moreover, empathy, unlike fear, was affected by gender. A reverse correlation existed between fear and empathy in students with a history of COVID-19, indicating that the more they had empathy, the less they experienced fear.

Background Skin cancer is among the most common cancer types with an increasing global trend of incidence rate. This study explores the spatial distribution of skin cancer, considering body sites exposed and not exposed to sunshine separately. Methods We used 4302 skin cancer cases recorded by Fars Cancer Registry in south-western Iran for over 6 years (2011–2017). The variables included in the study were patients’ residence address, gender, age, report date, and final topographical code. The patients’ addresses were geocoded to the counties of the study area. Skin cancer sites were categorized based on sun exposure in male and female cases. We used the empirical Bayesian smoothing approach to smooth the skin cancer incidence rate at the county level to remove any potential population size bias. Finally, Anselin’s Local Moran’s Index and Getis Ord G* were used to identify the clustered and high-risk skin cancer geographical areas. Results The incidence rates had an increasing trend from 14.28 per 100,000 people in 2011 to 17.87 per 100,000 people in 2016, however, it was decreased to 13.05 per 100,000 people in 2017. Out of 4302 patients with skin cancer, 2602 cases (60%) were male. The cancer cumulative incidence rate in males and females who were not exposed to sunshine was 7.80 and 14.18 per 100,000, respectively. The rates increased to 86.22 and 48.20 in males and females who were exposed to the sun. There were some high-risk spatial clusters of skin cancer in the study area. Further investigations are required to identify the underlying cause of the formation of these clusters. Conclusions Patients exposed to sunshine, especially among the male group, experienced much higher rates of cancer occurrence as compared to unexposed individuals. With a heterogeneous spatial pattern, hotspots were identified in non-sun-exposed and sun-exposed categories in the study area. Researchers and policymakers can significantly benefit from the spatial analyses of skin cancer incidence. These analyses can provide useful and timely prevention policies as well as tailored monitoring techniques in high-risk regions.

Interacting with computers, or Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field, has long been considered as technology's practical benefit. Finding state-of-the-art means to help users interact with computers in efficient ways is a goal of scientists in this field. Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a practical way to do so especially in a healthcare domain. Although there can be several tools to extract this type of information from literature, the need for developing a more comprehensive system is sensed.

Several studies have investigated the effect of Urtica dioica (UD) consumption on metabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the findings are inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials were performed to summarize the evidence of the effects of UD consumption on metabolic profiles in patients with T2DM. Eligible studies were retrieved from searches of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases until December 2019. Cochran (Q) and I-square statistics were used to examine heterogeneity across included clinical trials. Data were pooled using a fixed-effect or random-effects model and expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has boosted medical students’ vulnerability to various problems. Given the stressful nature of medical disciplines, considerable attention must be paid to student support systems during pandemics. This study aimed to review the current literature regarding medical student support systems systematically. We performed a systematic review of six databases and grey literature sources in addition to a hand search in the references of the articles on April 5, 2021. We included all studies about support for undergraduate medical students delivered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In conducting this review, we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. A total of 3646 articles were retrieved from the databases, and 16 additional papers were extracted from other sources. After removing duplicates, we screened 2434 titles and abstracts according to our criteria. Among them, 32 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Ultimately, 10 studies were included for review. We identified two major themes: (a) academic support and (b) mental health support. All of the included studies utilized online methods whether for transitioning from previous support systems or developing novel approaches. Students and faculty members seemed to be receptive to these new systems. Despite indicating outstanding program outcomes, most studies merely described the positive effects of the program rather than providing a precise evaluation. There are several methods of supporting medical students who are experiencing unprecedented changes in their educational trajectory. Due to substantial differences in undergraduate medical education in different regions of the world, cultural and contextual-oriented support is indispensable for developing a safe learning environment. Future research should investigate the question of the extent to which online support can supersede in-person strategies.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease it causes, COVID-19, are among the utmost unpredictable global crises in recent times. Medical students, as future academic leaders, have a critical role in response to emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. Leadership skills, including team leadership abilities, conflict management, negotiating skills, situational leadership and debating skills, are not systematically taught in medical schools. 1 Teaching these particular skills necessary for medical students is a key method to achieve effective performance in times of crises.

Front‑line clinicians and health‑care workers need to be educated to provide care in critical situations such as large‑scale catastrophes and pandemics. This narrative review is focused on investigating educational strategies in confrontation with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic. We conduced a literature search in December 2020 through LitCovid, PubMed, ERIC, and Cochrane Library in order to retrieve relevant studies regarding the role of education in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID‑19. There were 12 reviewed studies related to this specific subject. The articles selected for this study demonstrated that education and training had a positive impact on the knowledge and attitude of the participants and also the educational interventions, whether they were simulation‑based or other formats of training, would be deemed crucial for enhancing participants’ level of perceptions and confidence. Therefore, it is highly recommended that public health policymakers consider this important issue.

Background: The aim of the study is to define the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria from cases of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Materials and Methods: A retrospectiveanalysis of urinary pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility was done on urine cultures at Shiraz University Laboratory from 2015 to 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests have done using the disk‑diffusion technique as per the standard of CSLI. Results: During 2 years of study, 3489 samples were culture positive. Escherichia coli was the dominant isolate (84%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (10.7%) and Enterococci spp. (2,2%). The overall resistance rates to trimethoprim‑sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin were 56.1%, 47.2%, and 37%, respectively. The most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli, which had resistance rates of 58.6%, 49.1% to TMP‑STX, and cefixime, also sensitivity rates of 95.1% to nitrofurantoin (FM). Conclusions: In the study area, resistance rates to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were high. Because most isolates were sensitive to FM and aminoglycoside, they are suggested as appropriate antimicrobials for empirical treatment of UTIs before available urine culture results.

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) has turned attention to the essential competencies needed to confront pandemics for a physician. However, medical students, as future physicians, are not adequately trained for such a situation. This study aimed to determine the essential competencies for a medical student to face the COVID‑19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed this mixed‑method needs assessment study at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in May–June 2020 in three steps: the first step was a brainstorming session followed by a nominal group technique with the experts’ participation. The second step was determining the validity of competencies by calculating the content validity ratio. In the third and last step, three rounds of the modified Delphi technique were held with the participation of 22 medical faculty members and 45 undergraduate medical students to reach a consensus about the competencies utilizing quantitative analysis. RESULTS: A total of 30 key competencies essential for a medical student were obtained through the current study. They were categorized into four major themes: (1) developing knowledge and abilities for effective diagnosis and treatment of COVID‑19, (2) demonstrating safety principles correctly, (3) demonstrating effective behavior, and (4) determining the meta‑competencies. CONCLUSIONS: Although medical students will be the frontline physicians in the future pandemics, they are not prepared to display the diversity of requisite skills to practice effectively and safely. This study provides essential competencies for medical students during the COVID‑19 pandemic and underlines the importance of a paradigm shift from traditional time‑based to competency‑based education.

BACKGROUND: Medical images have been widely used for various aims, especially for the educational purposes. Patient confidentiality and consent should be deemed crucial. In this study, we sought to assess patients’ satisfaction with taking medical photos of their skin lesions and giving their physicians consent to use them for educational purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multi‑method study included quantitative and qualitative phases and was performed from April to November 2018 in the Dermatology Department of Shiraz Faghihi Hospital in South Iran. Demographic information was analyzed using the descriptive statistics. To resolve the simultaneous effect of demographic variables on patient satisfaction, we conducted linear regression. All the tests were analyzed at the 0.05 significance level. RESULTS: In this study, all the patients except one (99.5%) preferred that only a physician who had a direct role in their care can access their digital photos. Of 200 patients, 134 patients (62.33%) preferred the utilization of hospital cameras in photographing their skin lesions (P = 0.002). On the other hand, 131 patients (49.81%) did not gave consent about using a personal phone camera for photographing their skin lesions (P = 0.001). In the qualitative phase, two major themes (trusting attending physician and paying attention to patient confidentiality) and five sub‑themes (considering their physicians as professional people who always do the right thing, allowing physicians to use their images for educational purposes, covering patient’s face, using hospital cameras, and obtaining informed consent from patients) were derived from qualitative semi‑structured interviews. CONCLUSION: The results showed that there is a need for developing international and national photography guidelines in the era of technology development.

BACKGROUND: A doctor–patient relationship built on the concept of empathy is so essential to attain the best clinical outcomes in medicine. Since empathy has a positive role in interpersonal relationships and medical outcomes, its assessment is highly crucial. The aim of this study was to assess the empathy in last‑year medical students using the Persian version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) and correlate empathy scores with demographic features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross‑sectional study, last‑year medical students at Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz, Iran, were recruited for this study. In this research, we used the Persian version of JSPE. The validity and reliability of the Persian version of this tool were confirmed in the previous research. For the analysis of data, we employed descriptive statistics and the independent sample t‑test. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty‑five final‑year medical students were included in this study. The maximum score of the questionnaire was 140, and the total mean score of empathy was 98.15 ± 13.29. The females’ total mean score (102.05 ± 11.89) was higher than the males’ score (93.57 ± 13.46). The difference between the mean score of gender and empathy was significant (P value <.001), but there was no significant difference between empathy and the two other demographic factors (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although physicians would gain the essential characteristics of empathy during their career, attending professors and other responsible policymakers in medical education should focus more on the factors related to physicians’ empathy to train better and more professional physicians.

Objectives: The leading factors of paediatric, pedestrian road trafc injuries (PPRTIs) are associated with the characteristics of immediate environment. Spatial analysis of data related to PPRTIs could provide useful knowledge for public health specialists to prevent and decrease the number of accidents. Therefore, we aim to release the datasets which have been used to conduct a multiple-scale spatial analysis of PPRTIs in the city of Mashhad, Iran, between 2015-2019. Data description: The data include four datasets. The base PPRTIs dataset includes motor vehicle accidents and their attributes in the city of Mashhad between March 2015 and March 2019. The attribute data includes the month, day of the week, hour of the day, place (longitude and latitude) of each accident, age range of the child and gender. Furthermore, three spatial datasets about the city of Mashhad are introduced; (1) the digital boundaries of Neighbourhood, (2) road network dataset (street lines) and (3) urban suburbs of Mashhad.

At the end of 2019, a new virus named SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China, provoking coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19. Self-isolation and quarantine as key strategies to overcoming the spread of the disease have had major, micro, and macroscopic consequences. This commentary, therefore, seeks to review critical factors impacting the COVID-19 pandemic through the spectrum of levels, categorising effects in the WHO’s ecological framework (individual, relational, community, and societal aspects). We further describe the management of the crisis at each level to help guide health personnel, communities, governments, and international policymakers in understanding how their actions fit into a larger picture as they seek to manage the crisis.

Student support services have become central to the work of health professional education programmes as a strategy for optimising trainees’ emotional well-being, educational progress, personal development and employment prospects. In general, they aim at increasing adaptability and resilience, especially for at-risk students, such as those with learning difficulties or psychological concerns.

In this study, academic databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase, were investigated. The keywords applied in the search strategy besides the names of each country were:“Public Health,”“Public Response”,“Health Policy”,“COVID-19”,“Novel Coronavirus,”“2019-nCoV”, and “SARS-CoV-2”. The countries included China, Italy, Iran, Spain, South Korea, Germany, France, United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, and Singapore.

In many contexts, medical students collaborate with health care workers to deliver patient management and care in emergencies like the COVID‐19 pandemic. In others, medical students are experiencing an unintended pause in their education due to global university closure over COVID‐19 concerns. In either situation, students find themselves coping with mental and emotional issues, including stress, anxiety, and fear, that may require significant psychological and physical effort. Therefore, it is important that medical schools not only care about students' mental health but also implement strategies to support their understanding of crisis management, self‐mental care, and other principal measures in order to strengthen their coping skills and mental preparedness.

The competency-based model is being used by medical education bodies all over the world, including the CanMEDS in Canada, the Australian Curriculum Framework for Doctors in Australia, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Competencies in the USA. Competency is a skill of a physician which improves as a medical student progresses from a novice to a master physician.

In this research, it was aimed to assess learning through games in health-volunteers, because, this population had an excessive desire for such methods; and to the extent of the authors’ knowledge, no study has been carried out in the mentioned population yet.